https://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Vaishali+Joshi&feedformat=atomUrban Arena Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T06:51:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.37.2https://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=3573Right to housing2021-01-07T20:26:44Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate socially vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market. There is also a considerable amount of research on the drivers of injustice that can directly or indirectly cause housing inequalities. Green gentrification, for instance, suggests how urban regreening or re-naturing in distressed neighborhoods can contribute to residents’ exclusion, marginalization, and displacement. [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/ GREENLULUS] (Green Locally Unwanted Land Uses) by [http://www.bcnuej.org/ Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability] stands as a unique project that explores if, and to what extent, greener cities are less racially and socially equitable or whether greening projects tend to increase environmental inequalities.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keeping rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/<br />
*The Shift #Right2Housing: https://www.make-the-shift.org/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
*Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH): https://afectadosporlahipoteca.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*García-Lamarca, M., & Kaika, M. (2016). ‘Mortgaged lives’: The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Roy, A., & Malson, H. (Eds.). (2019). Housing justice in unequal cities. Institute on Inequality and Democracy. https://doi.org/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2740Right to housing2020-07-26T00:53:24Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate socially vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market. There is also a considerable amount of research on the drivers of injustice that can directly or indirectly cause housing inequalities. Green gentrification, for instance, suggests how urban regreening or re-naturing in distressed neighborhoods can contribute to residents’ exclusion, marginalization, and displacement. [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/ GREENLULUS] (Green Locally Unwanted Land Uses) by [http://www.bcnuej.org/ Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability] stands as a unique project that explores if, and to what extent, greener cities are less racially and socially equitable or whether greening projects tend to increase environmental inequalities.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keeping rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/<br />
*The Shift #Right2Housing: https://www.make-the-shift.org/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*García-Lamarca, M., & Kaika, M. (2016). ‘Mortgaged lives’: The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Roy, A., & Malson, H. (Eds.). (2019). Housing justice in unequal cities. Institute on Inequality and Democracy. https://doi.org/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2270Main Page2020-06-05T12:57:42Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to the Wiki on Sustainable Just Cities!<br />
<br />
This Wiki is an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database and knowledge source for the Community of Practice of the [https://urban-arena.eu/ UrbanA] project. It captures the learning process of the UrbanA [https://wiki.urban-arena.eu/index.php?title=UrbanA_Community_of_Practice Community of Practice] and is an important part of UrbanA's knowledge commons. It includes a database of '''[[Database of approaches|approaches]]''' and '''[[Database of projects & initiatives|projects & initiatives]]''' to just and sustainable cities.<br />
<br />
[[File:UrbanA_Logo.png|right|600px|link=https://urban-arena.eu/|UrbanA Website]]<br />
<br />
==A call for co-creation==<br />
This Wiki on Sustainable Just Cities is part of a knowledge commons that serves as a resource for everyone that wants to contribute to more sustainable and just cities. It is not only for everyone to use the knowledge that is on there, but also for everyone to share their own knowledge and experience. The idea of a knowledge commons is that it is owned and governed by all of those who use it. <br />
<br />
'''You are warmly invited to edit and adapt any of the current pages, by e.g. adding examples, correcting or complementing information. And/or to add your own approaches, projects, initiatives and user profiles. Becoming a Wiki-user is every easy and quick.''' <br />
<br />
For information on how, check out the '''[[Project:User guide|User guide]]'''. This guide includes links to tips on formatting and editing wiki pages.<br />
<br />
==About UrbanA==<br />
<br />
{{#ev:youtube|h2mXmYnhpqg|450|right||frame}}<br />
<br />
Cities play a key role in responding to the great challenges of our time. However increasing poverty and inequality, exacerbated by the recent financial and housing crises, are putting the social cohesion and resilience of European cities to the test.<br />
<br />
Much research has focused on teasing out the causes of urban social inequality and ecological unsustainability, and on understanding the connections, tensions and contradictions between the two. Research and innovation have also contributed to the development of ways to make cities more just and sustainable. Yet the need to consolidate and effectively communicate this knowledge and experience remains.<br />
<br />
UrbanA, Urban Arenas for Sustainable and Just Cities, takes up this challenge. Further information on UrbanA, a major EU-funded project on urban sustainability and justice, can be found on the project's [http://www.urban-arena.eu public website].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Why this Wiki==<br />
In order to transform our cities into more sustainable and just environments, we need actionable knowledge that is relevant and accessible to as many people as possible. Currently, too much knowledge remains fragmented and inaccessible. Through the UrbanA project, we aim to synthesize and broker existing knowledge as well as further develop and translate knowledge into action. One important way in which we do this is through the UrbanA Wiki Database on Sustainable Just Cities. <br />
<br />
A Wiki is a decentralized approach to knowledge co-creation and information sharing. The ‘wisdom of the crowd’ is in the lead (instead of top-down development by a central manager). It supports inclusive, co-creative, open access and open source approaches to knowledge generation.<br />
<br />
==Databases==<br />
[[File:Mapping of Approaches.jpg|thumb|left|320px|link=https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Zine-final-version_Optimised.pdf|Mapping of Approaches for UrbanA project during Rotterdam Arena Event]]<br />
This wiki captures this learning process and provides a shared workspace for the UrbanA [https://urban-arena.eu/people/community-of-practice/ Community of Practice]. The database began as a set of approaches and research methods linking urban sustainability and justice. The latest addition is a set of drivers of injustice that can arise as (usually unitended) side-effects of urban sustainability efforts. Use of this wiki will connect closely with our [https://www.zotero.org/groups/2324475/urbana_library shared virtual library]. Visit the list of approaches, drivers, projects and people by following these links:<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of approaches]]'''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of drivers of injustice]]'''<br />
<br />
**'''[[Database of governance scenarios]]'''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of projects & initiatives]]'''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of people]]'''<br />
<br />
The covid-19 crisis has exposed severe inequities in European urban areas while showing the fragility of an unsustainable growth-oriented economic system. The [[UrbanA_Community_of_Practice]] has collected resources that intersect the covid-19 crisis with issues of justice, sustainability and urbanization.<br />
<br />
*'''[[Cities, justice, sustainability and covid-19]]'''<br />
<br />
== The UrbanA Community of Practice ==<br />
[[File:4.PNG|thumb|right|275px|link=https://urban-arena.eu/people/|UrbanA Community of Practice]]<br />
A central element of UrbanA is the '''[[UrbanA_Community_of_Practice|Community of Practice]]''' (CoP). The CoP is an open network of individuals committed to taking constructive action on urban social inequality and ecological unsustainability in the ambition to create more just and sustainable cities. Read more about the CoP and how to get involved [[UrbanA_Community_of_Practice|here]].<br />
<br />
== The Next Arena ==<br />
The next [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/UrbanA_2nd-Arena_preliminary-agenda_V2.pdf UrbanA Arena event] addresses justice challenges in urban sustainability and will take place on 4-5th June. It was originally scheduled to take place in Barcelona. However, due to the current Covid-19 crisis it will be in online format. It includes an open webinar, in the afternoon of June 5th (1430 CEST), which will be broadcast live on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dx2B3R9jTc Youtube].<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This site holds an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which attempts to collect relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. Up till now, the pages are based mainly on knowledge generated in [https://cordis.europa.eu/ EU-funded projects], distilled and summarised by consortium members. The database touches on fast-changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==Copyright==<br />
Reuse of content for non-commercial purposes is permitted, with attribution, under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Licence BY-NC 4.0]. Further information is available on our [[Project: copyrights|copyrights]] page.</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2269Main Page2020-06-05T12:55:30Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to the Wiki on Sustainable Just Cities!<br />
<br />
This Wiki is an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database and knowledge source for the Community of Practice of the [https://urban-arena.eu/ UrbanA] project. It captures the learning process of the UrbanA [https://wiki.urban-arena.eu/index.php?title=UrbanA_Community_of_Practice Community of Practice] and is an important part of UrbanA's knowledge commons. It includes a database of '''[[Database of approaches|approaches]]''' and '''[[Database of projects & initiatives|projects & initiatives]]''' to just and sustainable cities.<br />
<br />
[[File:UrbanA_Logo.png|right|450px|link=https://urban-arena.eu/|UrbanA Website]]<br />
<br />
==A call for co-creation==<br />
This Wiki on Sustainable Just Cities is part of a knowledge commons that serves as a resource for everyone that wants to contribute to more sustainable and just cities. It is not only for everyone to use the knowledge that is on there, but also for everyone to share their own knowledge and experience. The idea of a knowledge commons is that it is owned and governed by all of those who use it. <br />
<br />
'''You are warmly invited to edit and adapt any of the current pages, by e.g. adding examples, correcting or complementing information. And/or to add your own approaches, projects, initiatives and user profiles. Becoming a Wiki-user is every easy and quick.''' <br />
<br />
For information on how, check out the '''[[Project:User guide|User guide]]'''. This guide includes links to tips on formatting and editing wiki pages.<br />
<br />
==About UrbanA==<br />
<br />
{{#ev:youtube|h2mXmYnhpqg|450|right||frame}}<br />
<br />
Cities play a key role in responding to the great challenges of our time. However increasing poverty and inequality, exacerbated by the recent financial and housing crises, are putting the social cohesion and resilience of European cities to the test.<br />
<br />
Much research has focused on teasing out the causes of urban social inequality and ecological unsustainability, and on understanding the connections, tensions and contradictions between the two. Research and innovation have also contributed to the development of ways to make cities more just and sustainable. Yet the need to consolidate and effectively communicate this knowledge and experience remains.<br />
<br />
UrbanA, Urban Arenas for Sustainable and Just Cities, takes up this challenge. Further information on UrbanA, a major EU-funded project on urban sustainability and justice, can be found on the project's [http://www.urban-arena.eu public website].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Why this Wiki==<br />
In order to transform our cities into more sustainable and just environments, we need actionable knowledge that is relevant and accessible to as many people as possible. Currently, too much knowledge remains fragmented and inaccessible. Through the UrbanA project, we aim to synthesize and broker existing knowledge as well as further develop and translate knowledge into action. One important way in which we do this is through the UrbanA Wiki Database on Sustainable Just Cities. <br />
<br />
A Wiki is a decentralized approach to knowledge co-creation and information sharing. The ‘wisdom of the crowd’ is in the lead (instead of top-down development by a central manager). It supports inclusive, co-creative, open access and open source approaches to knowledge generation.<br />
<br />
==Databases==<br />
[[File:Mapping of Approaches.jpg|thumb|left|350px|link=https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Zine-final-version_Optimised.pdf|Mapping of Approaches for UrbanA project during Rotterdam Arena Event]]<br />
This wiki captures this learning process and provides a shared workspace for the UrbanA [https://urban-arena.eu/people/community-of-practice/ Community of Practice]. The database began as a set of approaches and research methods linking urban sustainability and justice. The latest addition is a set of drivers of injustice that can arise as (usually unitended) side-effects of urban sustainability efforts. Use of this wiki will connect closely with our [https://www.zotero.org/groups/2324475/urbana_library shared virtual library]. Visit the list of approaches, drivers, projects and people by following these links:<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of approaches]]'''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of drivers of injustice]]'''<br />
<br />
**'''[[Database of governance scenarios]]'''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of projects & initiatives]]'''<br />
<br />
*'''[[Database of people]]'''<br />
<br />
The covid-19 crisis has exposed severe inequities in European urban areas while showing the fragility of an unsustainable growth-oriented economic system. The [[UrbanA_Community_of_Practice]] has collected resources that intersect the covid-19 crisis with issues of justice, sustainability and urbanization.<br />
<br />
*'''[[Cities, justice, sustainability and covid-19]]'''<br />
<br />
== The UrbanA Community of Practice ==<br />
[[File:4.PNG|thumb|right|275px|link=https://urban-arena.eu/people/|UrbanA Community of Practice]]<br />
A central element of UrbanA is the '''[[UrbanA_Community_of_Practice|Community of Practice]]''' (CoP). The CoP is an open network of individuals committed to taking constructive action on urban social inequality and ecological unsustainability in the ambition to create more just and sustainable cities. Read more about the CoP and how to get involved [[UrbanA_Community_of_Practice|here]].<br />
<br />
== The Next Arena ==<br />
The next [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/UrbanA_2nd-Arena_preliminary-agenda_V2.pdf UrbanA Arena event] addresses justice challenges in urban sustainability and will take place on 4-5th June. It was originally scheduled to take place in Barcelona. However, due to the current Covid-19 crisis it will be in online format. It includes an open webinar, in the afternoon of June 5th (1430 CEST), which will be broadcast live on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dx2B3R9jTc Youtube].<br />
<br />
==Disclaimer==<br />
This site holds an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which attempts to collect relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. Up till now, the pages are based mainly on knowledge generated in [https://cordis.europa.eu/ EU-funded projects], distilled and summarised by consortium members. The database touches on fast-changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==Copyright==<br />
Reuse of content for non-commercial purposes is permitted, with attribution, under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Creative Commons Licence BY-NC 4.0]. Further information is available on our [[Project: copyrights|copyrights]] page.</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2177Right to housing2020-05-29T13:14:52Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market. There is also a considerable amount of research on the drivers of injustice that can directly or indirectly cause housing inequalities. Green gentrification, for instance, suggest hoe urban regreening or re-naturing in distressed neighborhoods can contribute to residents’ exclusion, marginalization, and displacement. [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/ GREENLULUS] (Green Locally Unwanted Land Uses) by [http://www.bcnuej.org/ Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability] stands as a unique project that explores if, and to what extent, greener cities are less racially and socially equitable or whether greening projects tend to increase environmental inequalities.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resources by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Resources by The Shift #Right2Housing: https://www.make-the-shift.org/resources/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*García-Lamarca, M., & Kaika, M. (2016). ‘Mortgaged lives’: The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Roy, A., & Malson, H. (Eds.). (2019). Housing justice in unequal cities. Institute on Inequality and Democracy. https://doi.org/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2174Right to housing2020-05-28T15:05:05Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market. There is also a considerable amount of research on the drivers of injustice that can directly or indirectly cause housing inequalities. Green gentrification, for instance, suggest hoe urban regreening or re-naturing in distressed neighborhoods can contribute to residents’ exclusion, marginalization, and displacement. [http://www.bcnuej.org/projects/greenlulus/ GREENLULUS] (Green Locally Unwanted Land Uses) by [http://www.bcnuej.org/ Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability] stands as a unique project that explores if, and to what extent, greener cities are less racially and socially equitable or whether greening projects tend to increase environmental inequalities.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*García-Lamarca, M., & Kaika, M. (2016). ‘Mortgaged lives’: The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Roy, A., & Malson, H. (Eds.). (2019). Housing justice in unequal cities. Institute on Inequality and Democracy. https://doi.org/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2173Right to housing2020-05-28T14:46:04Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*García-Lamarca, M., & Kaika, M. (2016). ‘Mortgaged lives’: The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Roy, A., & Malson, H. (Eds.). (2019). Housing justice in unequal cities. Institute on Inequality and Democracy. https://doi.org/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2172Right to housing2020-05-28T14:44:31Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*García-Lamarca, M., & Kaika, M. (2016). ‘Mortgaged lives’: The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Housing justice in unequal cities: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., Garcia-Lamarca, M., Cole, H., & Pearsall, H. (2019). New scholarly pathways on green gentrification: What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going? Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2171Right to housing2020-05-28T14:39:26Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). Creating political subjects: Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain | Community Development Journal | Oxford Academic. Community Development Journal, 52(3), 421–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsx025<br />
*‘Mortgaged lives’ - The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation: https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Hosung justice in unequal cities: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*New scholarly pathways on green gentrification - What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going?: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2170Right to housing2020-05-28T14:36:40Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*García-Lamarca, M. (2017). From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing: Insurgent Practices in Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12386<br />
*Creating political subjects - Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain: https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-abstract/52/3/421/3980120<br />
*‘Mortgaged lives’ - The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation: https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Hosung justice in unequal cities: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*New scholarly pathways on green gentrification - What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going?: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2169Right to housing2020-05-28T14:33:52Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Colau, A., & Alemany, A. (2014). Mortgaged Lives: From the housing bubble to the right to housing. Journal of Aesthetics & Protest Press. https://doi.org/https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing - Insurgent Practices in Spain: https://www.ijurr.org/article/occupying-plazas-recuperating-housing-insurgent-practices-spain/<br />
*Creating political subjects - Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain: https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-abstract/52/3/421/3980120<br />
*‘Mortgaged lives’ - The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation: https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Hosung justice in unequal cities: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*New scholarly pathways on green gentrification - What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going?: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2168Right to housing2020-05-28T12:19:47Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Mortgaged Lives - From the housing bubble to the right to housing: https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing - Insurgent Practices in Spain: https://www.ijurr.org/article/occupying-plazas-recuperating-housing-insurgent-practices-spain/<br />
*Creating political subjects - Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain: https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-abstract/52/3/421/3980120<br />
*‘Mortgaged lives’ - The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation: https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Hosung justice in unequal cities: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*New scholarly pathways on green gentrification - What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going?: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Right_to_housing&diff=2167Right to housing2020-05-28T12:17:39Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>The right to housing indicates the right of all individuals to have access to adequate shelter.<br />
<br />
This page is part of an ongoing, open-ended online collaborative database, which collects relevant approaches that can be used by city-makers to tackle unsustainability and injustice in cities. It is based mainly on knowledge generated in EU-funded projects and touches on fast changing fields. As such, this page makes no claims of authoritative completeness and welcomes your suggestions. <br />
<br />
==General introduction to approach==<br />
Right to housing advocates that anyone should be provided with access to housing. As Michalis Goudis from [http://www.housingeurope.eu/ Housing Europe] stated “when comes to just and sustainable cities, housing is the first topic that needs to be addressed. To solve social exclusion first, you have to give people a roof, then you think about the rest. If you see it as a ladder, housing is the very first step”. On paper, right to housing is granted by several international and European laws. The network [http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights Housing Right Watch], categorizes these laws into three clusters: United Nations housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/un-housing-rights </ref>, Council of Europe housing rights<ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/council-europe-housing-rights </ref> and EU housing rights <ref>http://www.housingrightswatch.org/page/eu-housing-rights </ref>. In addition, each European country has its national laws on housing <ref> http://www.housingrightswatch.org/content/country-info </ref>. The EU funded project [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW], for instance, explored and summarized all EU member states laws to inform citizens about their rights as tenants. If on the one hand housing can be provided through formal procedures (e.g. existing law enforcement), on the other hand there are multiple informal practices (e.g. squatting vacant spaces) which attempt to provide shelter. There are numerous existing initiatives where citizens, social movements and non-governmental organizations act to fill the gaps of a state unable to fully enforce right to housing.<br />
<br />
==Shapes, sizes and applications==<br />
<br />
These a three examples of EU-fundend projects concerning the right to housing. <br />
<br />
Anti-gentrification toolkit ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/188216/brief/en AGAPE] 2014-2016): This approach responds to the increasing episodes of evictions, speculation and privatization on the urban European housing market. The anti-gentrification toolkit for policy makers and activists collects anti-eviction, anti-speculative, anti-privatization practices performed mainly in Southern European cities. For instance, tenants union lobbying has proved to be a successful practice in mitigating evictions. Similarly, social centers and housing movements have resisted displacement by squatting and re-claiming the right to use vacant urban spaces.<br />
<br />
Tenancy and housing law ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/102183/brief/en TENLAW] 2012-2015): In a number of cases around Europe national tenancy and housing law ensures citizens with housing rights. However, it often occurs that these laws are not enforced because of the inaccessible language or tenant’s lack of knowledge. The project TENLAW has developed an accessible brochure “My right as a tenant in EU” to inform citizens about their rights. Existing housing law is a legal and effective approach for citizens to see their right to housing respected. However, it might also be a limited one given that the legal system is not always a just one. <br />
<br />
Household resilience ([https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/111253/brief/en RESCuE] 2014-2017): A large number of vulnerable households in Europe has proven to be successful in mitigating poverty through self-initiatives which replace the absence of government’s support. Networks such as family, friends, church and other religious associations, schools, urban gardening, foodbanks, cultural events (and the list is still long and can be viewed on [http://rescueproject.net/exhibition/ RESCuE online exhibition] can strengthen household resilience against poverty. The project RESCuE was able to prove that housing is a fundamental aspect from which a great number of household resilience actions can be started or can take place.<br />
<br />
==Relation to UrbanA themes: Cities, sustainability, and justice==<br />
The right to housing addresses living conditions of vulnerable urban citizens which either have no access to housing or no access to adequate housing. As such, the right to housing has an inherent strong focus on social justice as the end goal is to provide vulnerable citizens with decent living standards, ultimately reducing the gap with wealthier classes who are able to fulfil their needs. The underlying message is that social justice can be achieved through formal government interventions. When such interventions are lacking, governments risk to create socially unjust dynamics: lack of housing, lack of affordable-habitable-safe housing, gentrification, evictions and privatisation of the public urban space.<br />
<br />
Approaches aimed at granting the right to housing do not necessarily seek to achieve environmental sustainability as the end goal. Yet, sustainability proves to go hand in hand with the pursuit of social justice when comes to provide everyone with a home. In urban areas, for instance, speculation and privatization often occur with the development of new city districts which require extensive input of natural capital; whereas most housing movements (e.g. housing for all) advocate for the reuse (and when needed the renovation) of existing vacant spaces as a solution to allocate social vulnerable citizens. In this sense, there is no need for further natural resources input, but rather the desire to “recycle” existing vacant spaces or revisit the way in which existing housing is unjustly tenured on the free market.<br />
<br />
Overall, approaches to achieve right to housing for all can be implemented sustainably or can directly promote sustainability. The end goal, however, remains achieving social justice.<br />
<br />
==Narrative of change==<br />
Homelessness is the most severe form of neglection of the right to housing. However, as Michalis Goudis points out “nowadays professionals who cover fundamental roles in our urban centers, such as teachers and nurses, cannot afford to live in the cities where they work because of the high prices”. As the private market owes an increasing number of housing stocks, it becomes harder for public institutions to enforce the right to housing by, for instance, keep rent prices affordable. This also has an impact on social and public housing as co-operatives or local municipalities themselves struggle to create housing opportunities for vulnerable citizens because of the large dominance of real estate market on urban housing stock. Pilar Garrido, lectures in Constitutional and Autonomous Community Law at the UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, talks about the need for a “change of paradigm” (Garrido, 2012) <ref> https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/127089-the-effective-exercising-of-the-right-to-housing-is-calling-for-a-new-relationship-between-ho/en </ref>. A new paradigm is needed where all individuals and families, with no discrimination, have access to affordable, habitable and safe housing and where they are protected from evictions.<br />
<br />
==Transformative potential==<br />
On a conceptual level, right to housing challenges the model of neoliberal economy which seeks to reduce government spending for public purposes (e.g. social and public housing) in favor of private sector interventions. The concept of "housing for all" is in inherent conflict with the ebbs and flows of a speculative neoliberal market. To challenge this, does not necessarily mean to abolish individuals’ and companies’ right to property, it rather puts pressure on public institutions to intervene and redefine the rules and boundaries under which the housing market operates.The increasing number of social movements demanding action in this direction indicates that the transformative potential of public institutions in very high (see for instance Berlin protests in April 2019 again rise in rent prices<ref> https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47839821 </ref>).<br />
Beside public institutions, there are many non-governmental actors which in a way or another try to grant vulnerable citizens the right housing. These are housing movements, churches, charity associations, unions, cooperatives, family and friend’s networks, and NGOs. These informal actors seek to provide housing based on a solidarity alternative view, which is opposing the dominant neoliberal and capitalist logic of providing housing services for profits. An example is the [https://moba.coop/ Moba cooperative], further explained in the next section. See also [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Illustration of approach==<br />
'''Cooperatives'''<br />
<br />
The nature of housing cooperatives varies greatly across Europe, for this reason one cannot easily generalize on the role and the work they do. An interesting network of housing cooperatives which shares a similar model is the [https://moba.coop/ MOBA Housing Cooperative Network], located across eastern and southern Europe. Their final goal is to make housing more affordable and accessible to poorer residents. Their strength lies in holding responsibility for all processes involving the properties (e.g. contract, payment, construction works...). As they explained, the model "is centered around a cooperative of inhabitants that collectively develops, finances, maintains and operates a multi-apartment building. Because it controls the entire trajectory (and does not need to make profit), the resulting apartments are much more affordable for the inhabitants”.<ref> https://moba.coop/ </ref><br />
<br />
'''Social housing'''<br />
<br />
Across Europe, social housing works in a number of different ways, it can be either provided by public institutions or by the private sector. Similarly, access to housing changes from country to country. In Sweden and Denmark, for instance, all citizens can apply for social housing, whereas in countries like Italy, citizens must fulfil certain requirements. In line with this, Denmark's social housing makes up 19% of their stock market, while Italy's social housing only represents 5% of the total housing market. A on-point review of Europe's social housing situation was published by Housing Europe in 2012 and can be read [http://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-105/the-housing-europe-review-2012 here]. <br />
<br />
Other solutions to ensure right to housing go into the direction of [[Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]].<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Resouces by European Action Coalition for the Right to Housing and to the City: https://housingnotprofit.org/resources/brochures-booklets/<br />
*Rent Strike 2020: https://thenewinquiry.com/rent-strike-2020/<br />
*Right to the City Alliance - Fighting for democracy, justice, and sustainability in our cities: https://righttothecity.org/<br />
*Homes for all: https://homesforall.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
*Morthagegd Lives - From the housing bubble to the right to housing: https://www.joaap.org/press/pah/mortgagedlives.pdf<br />
*From Occupying Plazas to Recuperating Housing - Insurgent Practices in Spain: https://www.ijurr.org/article/occupying-plazas-recuperating-housing-insurgent-practices-spain/<br />
*Creating political subjects - Collective knowledge and action to enact housing rights in Spain: https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-abstract/52/3/421/3980120<br />
*‘Mortgaged lives’ - The biopolitics of debt and housing financialisation: https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tran.12126<br />
*Hosung justice in unequal cities: https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10141152<br />
*New scholarly pathways on green gentrification - What does the urban ‘green turn’ mean and where is it going?: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309132518803799<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category: Approaches]]<br />
[[Category: Right to housing]]<br />
[[Category: Co-living, co-housing & intentional communities]]<br />
[[Category: Policies and practices for inclusion of disadvantaged groups]]<br />
[[Category: Reconceptualising urban justice and sustainability]]<br />
[[Category: TENLAW]]<br />
[[Category: MOBA Cooperative]]<br />
https://www.make-the-shift.org/</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=User:Vaishali_Joshi&diff=2078User:Vaishali Joshi2020-04-21T13:28:45Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>I am currently in the second year of my master's degree program in [https://www.wur.nl/en/Education-Programmes/master/MSc-programmes/MSc-Development-and-Rural-Innovation.htm Development and Rural Innovation] at [https://www.wur.nl/en.htm Wageningen University & Research] with focus on interdisciplinary research and international development. As an intern at [https://drift.eur.nl// The Dutch Research Institute for Transition] (DRIFT) in Rotterdam, I am working towards research and innovation in the field of sustainability transitions, social innovations, and urban social inequality. Currently, I am involved in two international projects in DRIFT. First, [https://drift.eur.nl/projects/urbana-urban-arena-for-sustainable-and-just-cities// UrbanA] or Urban Arenas for Sustainable and Just Cities and second, [https://drift.eur.nl/projects/sonnet// SONNET] or Social Innovations in Sustainable Energy Transitions. <br />
<br />
My expertise lies in organization support, multi-stakeholder processes and socio-spatial innovation and I am passionate to work towards regional development, social inclusion, and public policy. More information on my background and work is available on my [https://www.linkedin.com/in/vaishali-joshi// LinkedIn] page.</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=SO_SMART_(Socially_sustainable_manufacturing_for_the_Factories_of_the_Future)&diff=2076SO SMART (Socially sustainable manufacturing for the Factories of the Future)2020-04-21T09:58:56Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "SO SMART project has been an 18-month coordination and support action aimed at Social Sustainability in future European manufacturing industry. ==General introduction== [htt..."</p>
<hr />
<div>SO SMART project has been an 18-month coordination and support action aimed at Social Sustainability in future European manufacturing industry. <br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/608734/reporting/ Socially sustainable manufacturing for the Factories of the Future (SO SMART)] aims to establish research roadmaps, scenarios, and guidelines for the social well-being of employees in the Factories of the Future. It starts with the framework idea of a balanced “Social Sustainability Ecosystem”. It includes the needs and concerns of the individual, the factory, and the society. SO SMART explores several science domains and will propose ways to achieve the smart and attractive Factories of the Future that are crucial to the success of European reindustrialization.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Final Report Summary: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/608734/reporting<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2075Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:55:34Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[FESSUD (Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[SO SMART (Socially sustainable manufacturing for the Factories of the Future)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
<br />
*[[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=FESSUD_(Financialisation,_economy,_society_and_sustainable_development)&diff=2074FESSUD (Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development)2020-04-21T09:52:59Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "FESSUD is a multidisciplinary, pluralistic project which aims to forge alliances across the social sciences, so as to understand how finance can better serve economic, social..."</p>
<hr />
<div>FESSUD is a multidisciplinary, pluralistic project which aims to forge alliances across the social sciences, so as to understand how finance can better serve economic, social and environmental needs.<br />
[[File:FESSUD.png|right|350px|link=http://fessud.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[http://fessud.eu/ Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development (FESSUD)] brings together expertise from many leading universities to look afresh at how the financial system affects the world around us. We need to know what can be done to make the financial system work for society, the economy and the environment and not – as has sometimes been the case – the other way round. Some central issues FESSUD aims to address are; What is financialisation and how has it impacted on the achievement of specific economic, social, and environmental objectives? What is the nature of the relationship between financialisation and the sustainability of the financial system, economic development and the environment? What lessons can<br />
be drawn from the crisis about the nature and impacts of financialisation? What are the requisites of a financial system able to support a process of sustainable development, broadly conceived?<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: http://fessud.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:FESSUD.png&diff=2073File:FESSUD.png2020-04-21T09:50:50Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2072Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:44:08Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[FESSUD (Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
<br />
*[[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2071Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:43:54Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[FESSUD (Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2070Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:43:42Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[FESSUD (Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
<br />
*[[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2069Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:43:19Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[FESSUD (Financialisation, economy, society and sustainable development)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=SMARTEES_(Social_innovation_Modelling_Approaches_to_Realizing_Transition_to_Energy_Efficiency_and_Sustainability)&diff=2068SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)2020-04-21T09:33:46Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "SMARTEES is a transdisciplinary research project which aims to support the energy transition and improve policy design by developing alternative and robust policy pathways tha..."</p>
<hr />
<div>SMARTEES is a transdisciplinary research project which aims to support the energy transition and improve policy design by developing alternative and robust policy pathways that foster citizen inclusion and take local peculiarities into account.<br />
[[File:Smartees.JPG|right|350px|link=https://local-social-innovation.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://local-social-innovation.eu/ Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability (SMARTEES)] examines five types of energy- and mobility-related local social innovation in ten front-runner cities and islands across Europe. The results stemming from this analysis will then feed into the development of a policy sandbox tool. Using a comprehensive modelling approach, this tool will help forecast the effects of policy measures and social innovation in similar local contexts, thereby supporting the improvement of policy design and decision-making. Through these means, the project will contribute to achieving a resilient, low-carbon and climate-friendly Energy Union that puts citizens at its core.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://local-social-innovation.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:Smartees.JPG&diff=2067File:Smartees.JPG2020-04-21T09:33:25Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2066Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:27:24Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SMARTEES (Social innovation Modelling Approaches to Realizing Transition to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=UrbanAPI_(Interactive_Analysis,_Simulation_and_Visualisation_Tools_for_Urban_Agile_Policy)&diff=2065UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)2020-04-21T09:24:49Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "[https://urbanapi.eu/ UrbanAPI] project will provide urban planners with the tools needed to actively analyse, plan and manage the urban environment. ==General introduction==..."</p>
<hr />
<div>[https://urbanapi.eu/ UrbanAPI] project will provide urban planners with the tools needed to actively analyse, plan and manage the urban environment.<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
The project aims to support activities such as issue identification, policy analysis, consultation, decision and evaluation in urban planning and land management policy. For this purpose, a policy metamodel, a formalised vocabulary, a set of rule languages to define data integration and abstract simulation models are introduced. Based on an ICT toolset, adapted urban planning applications will be created, deployed, evaluated that could provide planners with the information they precisely need to fully expose the socio-economic and environmental impacts associated with alternative options for territorial development. Objectives are for example to support public participation in urban planning policy, to enhance the transparency of planning outcomes at the local scale.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://urbanapi.eu/ <br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2064Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:20:30Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[UrbanAPI (Interactive Analysis, Simulation and Visualisation Tools for Urban Agile Policy)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=CLIC_(Circular_models_Leveraging_Investments_in_Cultural_heritage_adaptive_reuse)&diff=2063CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)2020-04-21T09:19:04Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>CLIC project addresses significant challenges of cultural heritage and landscape adaptive reuse.<br />
[[File:Clic.png|right|150px|link=https://www.clicproject.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://www.clicproject.eu/ Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse (CLIC)] is a three-year project (2017-20) funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 program. The transdisciplinary research project whose overarching goal is to identify evaluation tools to test, implement, validate and share innovative “circular” financing, business and governance models for systemic adaptive reuse of cultural heritage and landscape, demonstrating the economic, social, environmental convenience, in terms of long lasting economic, cultural and environmental wealth. Flexible, transparent and inclusive tools to manage change are required to leverage the potential of cultural heritage for Europe, fostering adaptive reuse of cultural heritage/landscape. <br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://www.clicproject.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=CLIC_(Circular_models_Leveraging_Investments_in_Cultural_heritage_adaptive_reuse)&diff=2062CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)2020-04-21T09:17:49Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "CLIC project addresses significant challenges of cultural heritage and landscape adaptive reuse. link=https://www.clicproject.eu/ ==General intr..."</p>
<hr />
<div>CLIC project addresses significant challenges of cultural heritage and landscape adaptive reuse.<br />
[[File:Clic.png|right|250px|link=https://www.clicproject.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://www.clicproject.eu/ Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse (CLIC)] is a three-year project (2017-20) funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 program. The transdisciplinary research project whose overarching goal is to identify evaluation tools to test, implement, validate and share innovative “circular” financing, business and governance models for systemic adaptive reuse of cultural heritage and landscape, demonstrating the economic, social, environmental convenience, in terms of long lasting economic, cultural and environmental wealth. Flexible, transparent and inclusive tools to manage change are required to leverage the potential of cultural heritage for Europe, fostering adaptive reuse of cultural heritage/landscape. <br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://www.clicproject.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:Clic.png&diff=2061File:Clic.png2020-04-21T09:16:37Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2060Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T09:11:27Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[CLIC (Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=ENERGISE_(European_Network_for_Research,_Good_Practice_and_Innovation_for_Sustainable_Energy)&diff=2059ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)2020-04-21T09:09:06Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>ENERGISE is an innovative pan-European research initiative to achieve a greater scientific understanding of social and cultural influences on energy consumption.<br />
[[File:Energise.JPG|right|350px|link=http://energise-project.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[http://energise-project.eu/ European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy (ENERGISE)] is a three-year project funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 program. Energise adopts a Living Labs approach to directly observe existing energy cultures in a real-world setting and to test both household and community-level initiatives to reduce energy consumption. A comprehensive review and classification of household and community energy initiatives from 30 European countries provides the foundation for the development of two prototypes ‘ENERGISE Living Labs’ designed to capture influences on individual and collective energy consumption.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: http://energise-project.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:Energise.JPG&diff=2058File:Energise.JPG2020-04-21T09:07:26Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Vaishali Joshi uploaded a new version of File:Energise.JPG</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=ENERGISE_(European_Network_for_Research,_Good_Practice_and_Innovation_for_Sustainable_Energy)&diff=2057ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)2020-04-21T08:52:31Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "ENERGISE is an innovative pan-European research initiative to achieve a greater scientific understanding of social and cultural influences on energy consumption. File:Energi..."</p>
<hr />
<div>ENERGISE is an innovative pan-European research initiative to achieve a greater scientific understanding of social and cultural influences on energy consumption.<br />
[[File:Energise.JPG|right|350px|link=http://energise-project.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[http://energise-project.eu/ European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy (ENERGISE)] adopts a Living Labs approach to directly observe existing energy cultures in a real-world setting and to test both household and community-level initiatives to reduce energy consumption. A comprehensive review and classification of household and community energy initiatives from 30 European countries provides the foundation for the development of two prototypes ‘ENERGISE Living Labs’ designed to capture influences on individual and collective energy consumption.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: http://energise-project.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
H2020-EU.3.3.6. 2016-2019</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2056Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:49:01Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[ENERGISE (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Energise_(European_Network_for_Research,_Good_Practice_and_Innovation_for_Sustainable_Energy)&diff=2055Energise (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)2020-04-21T08:48:46Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "ENERGISE is an innovative pan-European research initiative to achieve a greater scientific understanding of the social and cultural influences on energy consumption. ==Genera..."</p>
<hr />
<div>ENERGISE is an innovative pan-European research initiative to achieve a greater scientific understanding of the social and cultural influences on energy consumption.<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website:<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[File:VCC logo.jpg|right|350px|link=https://www.eur.nl/en/research/erasmus-initiatives/vital-cities-and-citizens]]<br />
H2020-EU.3.3.6. 2016-2019</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2054Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:47:56Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[Energise (European Network for Research, Good Practice and Innovation for Sustainable Energy)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:Energise.JPG&diff=2053File:Energise.JPG2020-04-21T08:47:11Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2052Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:45:55Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[Energise]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Cities4People&diff=2051Cities4People2020-04-21T08:42:22Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>Cities4people aims to improve urban and peri-urban mobility through sustainable mobility innovations. <br />
[[File:Cities4people.JPG|right|200px|link=https://cities4people.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://cities4people.eu/ Cities4people] tries to include citizens in the innovation supply chain of their local mobility ecosystems and is empowering local communities of engaged city changers. The project also tries to produce transferable results with the ultimate goal of identifying new pathways for creating productive, sustainable, resilient and inclusive EU cities. In five different pilot programmes (five cities) it aims to refine and demonstrate the effectiveness of a people-oriented transport and mobility (POTM) approach, finally enabling its uptake in European cities that face similar transport and mobility challenges.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://cities4people.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Cities4People&diff=2050Cities4People2020-04-21T08:42:06Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "Cities4people aims to improve urban and peri-urban mobility through sustainable mobility innovations. link=https://cities4people.eu/ =..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Cities4people aims to improve urban and peri-urban mobility through sustainable mobility innovations. <br />
[[File:Cities4people.JPG|right|350px|link=https://cities4people.eu/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://cities4people.eu/ Cities4people] tries to include citizens in the innovation supply chain of their local mobility ecosystems and is empowering local communities of engaged city changers. The project also tries to produce transferable results with the ultimate goal of identifying new pathways for creating productive, sustainable, resilient and inclusive EU cities. In five different pilot programmes (five cities) it aims to refine and demonstrate the effectiveness of a people-oriented transport and mobility (POTM) approach, finally enabling its uptake in European cities that face similar transport and mobility challenges.<br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://cities4people.eu/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:Cities4people.JPG&diff=2049File:Cities4people.JPG2020-04-21T08:38:55Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2048Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:36:16Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Cities4People]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=MiT_(Municipalities_in_Transition)&diff=2047MiT (Municipalities in Transition)2020-04-21T08:35:01Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>MiT is an innovative project to create a clear framework for how Transition groups and municipalities can create sustainable change together.<br />
[[File:Beacon.JPG|right|350px|link=http://municipalitiesintransition.org/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[http://municipalitiesintransition.org/ Municipalities in Transition (MiT)] project has been collaboratively designed across borders and will map existing experiences of effective and systemic-change collaboration between local authorities and transition initiatives, worldwide. The main aim of the project is to develop and test a structured way for municipalities and local governments to connect with their communities and respond to the great challenges of this historical period adopting a systemic view and methodologies inspired by the Transition Towns movement approach and learnings. <br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: http://municipalitiesintransition.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=MiT_(Municipalities_in_Transition)&diff=2046MiT (Municipalities in Transition)2020-04-21T08:34:42Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "MiT is an innovative project to create a clear framework for how Transition groups and municipalities can create sustainable change together. File:Beacon.JPG|right|150px|lin..."</p>
<hr />
<div>MiT is an innovative project to create a clear framework for how Transition groups and municipalities can create sustainable change together.<br />
[[File:Beacon.JPG|right|150px|link=http://municipalitiesintransition.org/]]<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[http://municipalitiesintransition.org/ Municipalities in Transition (MiT)] project has been collaboratively designed across borders and will map existing experiences of effective and systemic-change collaboration between local authorities and transition initiatives, worldwide. The main aim of the project is to develop and test a structured way for municipalities and local governments to connect with their communities and respond to the great challenges of this historical period adopting a systemic view and methodologies inspired by the Transition Towns movement approach and learnings. <br />
<br />
==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
<br />
==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
<br />
==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: http://municipalitiesintransition.org/<br />
<br />
''Publications''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=File:Beacon.JPG&diff=2045File:Beacon.JPG2020-04-21T08:34:24Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2044Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:23:14Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MiT (Municipalities in Transition)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=BEACON_(Bridging_European_and_Local_Climate_Action)&diff=2043BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)2020-04-21T08:22:28Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: Created page with "BEACON is a project promoting climate action and facilitating an exchange between national governments as well as municipalities and schools in Europe. ==General introduction..."</p>
<hr />
<div>BEACON is a project promoting climate action and facilitating an exchange between national governments as well as municipalities and schools in Europe.<br />
<br />
==General introduction==<br />
[https://www.euki.de/en/euki-projects/bridging-european-and-local-climate-action-beacon/ Bridging European and Local Climate Action (BEACON)] is a three-year project funded by the [www.euki.de European Climate Initiative (EUKI)]. It aims to strengthen bi- and multilateral cooperation and create common ambition to realise the Paris Agreement. It promotes several European regional events (6 in total, only 1 organized until now) as well as organizes a conference each year bringing all municipalities together. This project intends to support municipalities implementing climate change mitigation and at the same time pay attention to energy poverty. <br />
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==Main insights on/for sustainable just cities==<br />
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==Suggested key readings & links==<br />
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==Link to other Wiki-pages==<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
''Links''<br />
*Project Website: https://www.euki.de/en/euki-projects/bridging-european-and-local-climate-action-beacon/<br />
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''Publications''<br />
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==References==<br />
<references /></div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2042Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:11:37Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action)]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
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[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshihttps://wiki.sustainablejustcities.eu/index.php?title=Database_of_projects_%26_initiatives&diff=2041Database of projects & initiatives2020-04-21T08:11:23Z<p>Vaishali Joshi: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Projects & initiatives==<br />
*[[ARTS (Accelerating and Rescaling Transitions to Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[BEACON (Bridging European and Local Climate Action]]<br />
*[[Connecting Nature]]<br />
*[[EdiCitNet (Edible Cities Network - Integrating Edible City Solutions for social resilient and sustainably productive cities)]]<br />
*[[GUST (Governance of Urban Sustainability Transitions)]]<br />
*[[INCONTEXT (Individuals in Context: Supportive Environments for Sustainable Living)]]<br />
*[[MUSIC (Mitigation inUrban Areas: Solutions for Innovative Cities)]]<br />
*[[P-CAN (Place-based Climate Action Network)]]<br />
*[[SIADE SaaS (Spatial Decision Support System for Transportation Planning)]]<br />
*[[SIC (Social Innovation Community)]]<br />
*[[SONNET (Social Innovation in Energy Transitions)]]<br />
*[[Transformative Cities]]<br />
*[[TRANSIT (Transformative Social Innovation Theory)]]<br />
*[[TURAS (Transitioning towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability)]]<br />
*[[Vital Cities and Citizens]]<br />
* [[Other databases]]<br />
<br />
==Back end of projects==<br />
<br />
The back end of the UrbanA database includes a long-list of 400+ projects (that resulted from the scan of CORDIS) and a short-list of 125 projects with relevant insights for (urban) (un)sustainability & (in)justice. These projects are listed in the pdf's below. The projects are also mentioned in the Wiki-pages on approaches (if and when relevant for the approaches) with links to the website. Additionally, the full report on the database-making can be found [https://urban-arena.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/D.3.2-UrbanA-wiki-database-appendix-0_final.pdf here].<br />
<br />
[[Media:Longlist_projects.pdf|Longlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
[[Media:Shortlist_projects.pdf|Shortlist_projects.pdf]]<br />
<br />
==Templates==<br />
[[Projects & Initiatives Template]]</div>Vaishali Joshi